胃肠道线虫的黏膜免疫

从机体抗胃肠道线虫的黏膜免疫、胃肠道黏膜的抗原加工与递呈、胃肠道黏膜抵御寄生虫的效应机制等几方面论述了胃肠道线虫的免疫机理和免疫学研究的进展，旨在进一步阐明用免疫介入方法防治胃肠道线虫的理论基础，以解决胃肠道线虫治疗过程中的药物残留以及寄生虫的抗药性问题。     

寄生虫的抗原变异

文章对寄生虫的抗原变异情况和消除抗原变异对免疫预防影响的主要方面进行了评述，许多种类寄生虫绝大部分表面怕变异频繁，从而逃避了宿主动物的免疫作用，变异最频繁的是各种寄生于人和哺乳动物的锥虫，其次是寄生于人和灵长类动物的几种疟原虫，再其次是寄生于哺乳动物和人的巴贝斯虫，还有几种属鞭毛虫纲、孢子虫纲和蠕虫的寄生虫，一般认为导致抗原变异的作用机制是表达抗原的基因发生了改变，正在表达的基因停止表达，而同时另一个基因却活化了，对于某些寄生虫抗原变异的规律虽已有揭示，但尚未揭示清全部主要规律，另一些种类寄生虫的抗原变异规律尚不清楚，基因活化的调控亦不甚清楚。抗原变异逃避了宿主动物的免疫，人们已提出了多种克服了的方法与设想，有些已在实验试验中出现端倪，但尚未形成临床上实用的技术，文章对它们也进行了讨论。     

一氧化氮合酶与寄生虫感染

一氧化氮(NO)在体内由L-精氨酸在一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)的催化下生成。它是一种重要的信使分子,参与血管、气道平滑肌的调节,神经递质的传递,细胞杀伤,肿瘤细胞的溶解及内分泌激素的释放过程,与许多疾病的发生、发展密切相关;既在机体多个系统多种细胞中具有广泛的生理功能,又可能参与多种疾病的发生过程。寄生虫感染时,动物机体内由其诱发产生各种细胞因子。细胞因子激发一氧化氮合酶基因,其转录产生iNOS(induciblenitricoxidesynthase)mRNA,由iNOSmRNA指导一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)生成。iNOS以精氨酸为底物合成NO。本文就NOS的结构、生成和NO对寄生虫的作用以及影响NO抗寄生虫感染的因素作了综述。     

Growth and development of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and its impact on selected crops

The growth and development of Cuscuta chinensis Lam., and the effects of the holoparasite on the growth and yield of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), chilli ( Capsicum annuum ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) were investigated in pot experiments under glasshouse conditions. 'Mature' and 'immature' seeds of C. chinensis showed 15 and 47% germination, respectively. The independent life duration of seedlings from 'immature' seeds was 6 days shorter than 'mature' seeds (19 days). Cuscuta chinensis formed haustoria on chilli and tomato, but not on rice seedlings. Infection with three C. chinensis seedlings per host plant reduced leaf area, dry weight, carbon and nitrogen content by 78–84% and 27–44% in tomato and chilli plants, respectively. Dry weight of C. chinensis was 0.63 g per pot in tomato, and 0.24 g per pot in chilli. Carbon and nitrogen content of C. chinensis was 0.189 and 0.028 g per pot, respectively, when grown with tomato. When it was grown with chilli, the carbon and nitrogen content of C. chinensis was 0.001 and 0.007 g per pot, respectively. Cuscuta chinensis reduced the fruit yield of tomato and chilli by 72 and 29%, respectively. The results indicated that tomato is a preferred host of C. chinensis compared with chilli, and rice is not preferred. In the host–parasite associations, C. chinensis suppressed growth and yield of chilli and tomato by diverting the elaborated products of metabolism of the hosts.     

Isolation of two strains of a new Tombusvirus (Havel river virus, HaRV) from surface waters in Germany

Two virus isolates from water samples — one from a small stream in South Western Germany and another one from the Havel river in North Eastern Germany c. 500 km away, proved to be strains, named S and H, respectively, of a new Tombusvirus for which the name Havel river virus (HaRV) had been suggested previously in a brief account. Immunoelectron microscopical decoration tests and sequence comparisons of the coat proteins indicated that the two HaRV strains are only distantly related to known Tombusviruses. The closest relationships were found to Cucumber necrosis virus. Nothing is known about their natural hosts. Because the S strain of HaRV was isolated in a woody area from a small stream close to its origin, they may be pathogens of trees or wild plants in such habitats.     

河南省郏县红牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解河南省郏县红牛肠道寄生虫感染情况，采用卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法和改良抗酸染色法对河南省郏县地区某红牛养殖场及散养红牛的218份新鲜粪便样本进行了检查，结果发现寄生虫总感染率为66.5%，共检出4种肠道寄生虫，其中球虫、圆线虫、鞭虫和绦虫感染率分别为61.5%、2.3%、6.9%和7.8%，混合感染率为11.5%，阳性粪便中虫卵或卵囊感染强度以轻度感染为主。结果表明，河南省郏县红牛肠道寄生虫感染较为普遍，应加强其肠道寄生虫病的防治。     

Setaria digitata was the main cause of equine neurological ataxia in Korea: 50 cases (2015–2016)

This study was performed to examine and clarify the cause of hindlimb ataxia and neuropathy seen in the South Korean horse population. Fifty horses diagnosed with hindlimb ataxia and neuropathy were referred for this study. Neurological examination was performed on 47 horses while necropsy was performed in all 50 animals. The occurrence of neurological diseases increased rapidly in the summer and 47 out of 50 horses were referred after the end of July. The incidence of neurological diseases started from the southern part of Korea in July and proceeded northward in August and September. Although there was no correlation with age, Thoroughbred and Warmblood horses showed a higher incidence rate than Halla and Jeju horses. The incidence rate was 5 times higher in geldings than in mares and stallions. Of the 20 cases, 16 were diagnosed with eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis in 2015. The most common lesions observed in 2016 were parasitic meningoencephalomyelitis (10 cases, 33%) and eosinophilic meningomyelitis (7 cases, 23%). Histopathological analysis of the brain and spinal cord revealed nematodes of approximately 100–200 µm in diameter, microcavitation and infiltrates of eosinophils, and brown pigmented macrophage infiltrates. The nematodes were identified as Setaria digitata via DNA sequencing, performed subsequent to polymerase chain reaction using DNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the spinal cord. These results show that aberrant migration of Setaria digitata larva in the brain and spinal cord was a major cause for neurological signs in horses.     

人兽共患寄生虫病候选疫苗分子筛选方法研究进展

人兽共患寄生虫种类多、宿主广泛且危害严重。血吸虫病、棘球蚴病、囊尾蚴病、旋毛虫病、弓形虫病等是常见的重要人兽共患寄生虫病。人类和家畜饱受寄生虫病的危害,这对公共卫生和畜牧业造成了很大的影响。控制传染源、切断传播途径和保护易感群是控制人兽共患寄生虫病流行的综合防控措施。在综合防控策略中,疫苗的使用是切断循环链、控制乃至消灭人兽共患寄生虫病的理想和有效途径之一。选用高效的抗原筛选方法挖掘潜在的疫苗候选分子是开发疫苗的前提和关键。抗原筛选技术的更新换代使得研究者发掘出了更多新抗原和保护性多肽。现有的抗原筛选方法主要包括传统的粗抗原筛选法、cDNA文库筛选法、蛋白质组学筛选法、生物信息学及多组学技术联合筛选法。很多抗原筛选的方法是伴随寄生虫疫苗研究的发展应运而生的,粗抗原筛选法是基于抗原抗体相互反应的免疫学原理而设计的,此方法筛选的天然抗原可引起机体较强的免疫反应;cDNA文库筛选抗原的优势在于筛选更有针对性,所以候选产物的成分更单一、明确;蛋白质组学筛选法是基于质谱而兴起的一种筛选技术,它既可对未知蛋白组分进行鉴定,还可对鉴定结果进行差异比较,在未知分子的发现和功能特殊的靶分子筛选中发挥着重要作用;随着后基因时代的到来,生物信息学及多组学联合筛选技术使得抗原筛选逐步进入了多维、立体的筛选模式,也使得候选抗原及其表位的功能研究更加深入,这为基因工程疫苗和多肽疫苗候选分子的筛选提供了技术手段。